Structure and Function in Four Cells Biology Essay

The human body consists of multiple cells that share a common structure while performing different functions. The structure of cells is complex shelled by plasma membrane, which function is to protect the cell from unflavoured entries. Under the shell, the cell is surrounded by cytoplasm, the jelly like nature of which may transform into a grainy substance because of the contained organelles (Levy 43). The largest organelle is the nucleus comprises DNA-carrying chromosomes that shape the function and performance of each cell. The DNA-rich nucleolus within the nucleus is responsible for the development of ribosomal protein and formation of ribosomes. Ribosomes packaged in the nucleus cover endoplasmic reticulum located outside the nucleus and having a rough surface. The core function of the ribosomes is to produce protein and enforce protein synthesis through translating mRNA-carried instructions. Ribosomes-free endoplasmic reticulum regarded as smooth serve to produce lipids and steroid. Lipids are further combined and processes with protein to make surface membrane for the cell’s secretion or lysosomes. The formed lysosomes are responsible for detecting and destroying impaired cells or organelles and bacteria cells by the power of hydrolytic enzymes contained within them (Olson 284). Mitochondria complements the sophisticated cell structure and facilitates aerobic respiration and synthesis at later stages to provide the cell with a chemical energy. The human body is made of multiple cells that contain 23 pairs of chromosomes. The total of cells in an individual body is unknown, as each organism comprises both identifiable and individual cells. Identifiable cells work together to enable the proper function of the organism, which signifies the importance of each cells for the body in terms of existence and sufficiency (Bianconi et al. 463). However, scholars distinguish specialised cells that are accountable for the critical functions in the multi-cellular human organism. There are four types of specialised cells carrying out specific roles and features. In brief, red blood cells perform the function of oxygen carriage. In this respect, they are characterised by a large surface area to allow oxygen to pass through them. In addition, red blood cells contain haemoglobin that joins oxygen in the transfer across the organism (Porth 279). Red blood cells lack the nucleus, which equips them with enough room for carrying out oxygen that is fundamental for the function of any human bodily part and organ. These cells are flexible to go through narrow blood vessels and ensure successful blood circulation in the body. Another type of specialised cells is nerve cells that are responsible for the function of producing and delivering nerve impulses to various body parts. In other words, nurse cells serve to synthesise the overall number of cells and functions occurred within the body. Hence, nerve cells are long to connect within distinct body parts with branching parts at each end. These long-distance connections pass electrical signals that enable the well-formed coherent interaction between different cells (Walker 32). Two other types of specialised cells are dedicated to the reproductive function of the human organism and differ in terms of female and male reproductive cells. The female reproductive cell referred to as egg cell serves to unite with the male cell to form and nourish a new cell. As such, egg cell is large and made of cytoplasm. In its turn, male reproductive cell titled as sperm cell is to reach egg cell and join with it. In this respect, sperm cell has a head used to enter the fem ale cell and a long tail enabling its long-distance and fast swimming (Walker 32). While performing its crucial function of fertilisation, male reproductive cell embeds generic information into a newly formed cell and provides it with the required chemicals for further development. Works Cited Bianconi, Eva, et al. â€Å"The Estimation of the Number of Cells in the Human Body.† Annals of Human Biology, vol. 40, no. 6, pp. 463-471. Levy, Leia D. C. â€Å"Principles of Pathology.† Principles and Practice of Radiation Therapy, edited by Charles M. Washington, Elsevier Health Sciences, 2015, pp. 42-57. Print. Olson, J. L. â€Å"Diagnostic Electron Microscopy.† Essentials of Anatomic Pathology, edited by Liang Cheng and David G. Bostwick, Springer, 2016, pp. 269-290. Print. Porth, Carol. Essentials of Pathophysiology: Concepts of Altered Health States. Lippincott Williams Wilkins, 2011. Print. Walker, Denise. Cells and Life Processes. Evans Brothers, 2009. Print.

Comma Quandary The #3 Sentence Opener

An essential part of using IEW’s stylish sentence openers is knowing when and where to add commas. In response to a customer question, Pamela White, Accomplished IEW Instructor and author of the fabulous Fix-It! Grammar series, explains the rule for placement of commas after a #3 sentence opener (an -ly adverb). Happily, she then provides a simple trick for how to implement the rule.    Question: When a sentence starts with an -ly adverb, does it need a comma? #3 openers take commas only when they modify the whole sentence. When the ly–adverb modifies just the verb, it doesn't need a comma. So, how can you tell which it modifies? If the #3 opener modifies the whole sentence, you can usually say "It is [adjective version of -ly adverb] that ...." For example: Importantly, many #3 openers that modify the sentence will make a comment on the value of what is being stated. Now apply the test to check: "It is important that many #3 openers..." This works, so the -ly word â€Å"Importantly† is modifying the entire sentence and takes a comma. You can also check if the -ly word modifies the verb by putting it right next to the verb, but most people have a poor ear for this. They might argue in the above example that it makes sense to say "many #3 openers importantly will make a comment..." This is because adverbs can go in many places in a sentence. The better way to check that the word modifies the verb is to ask if the subject is doing the verb action in that manner. Do "many #3 openers make a comment" in an important manner? No, they don't. So again, "importantly" must be modifying the whole sentence and needs a comma. Another example: Rashly he severed the connection. Is it rash that he severed the connection? Or did he sever it in a rash manner? The latter makes sense, so it must modify the verb and therefore not need a comma.    Fortunately, Ms. White has clarified this comma question. Confidently IEW students will place a comma only after -ly adverb openers that modify the entire sentence. Happily, this comma quandary has been solved! Pamela White  has an M.A. in English and an A.B.D. from Vanderbilt University and has taught English for more than three decades. As IEW’s Online Department Head for Level C, she is certified as an IEW ® Accomplished Instructor and is the author of IEW's popular Fix It! Grammar program. Currently living outside of Nashville, Tennessee, she teaches online for IEW while enjoying ongoing writing projects.ï » ¿ For more help with grammar quandaries, check out Ms. White's  Fix It! Grammar program. Log in or register to post commentsPamela Whites blog Log in or register to post comments Thank you! This rule is Permalink By kobileblancMar05 Thank you! This rule is quite helpful. I like the closing lines, Fortunately... Clever. Log in or register to post comments ly opener Permalink By ccole27@gmail.comAug25 My student wrote for a #3 sentence opener, â€Å"Thoughtfully investigating, he was bound to the idea that the secrets of the natural world could be learned by discovering the laws God put in place.† This seems to be an awkward sentence but a legal #3–am I right? Log in or register to post comments Yes, I would count it. By the Permalink By Jennifer MauserAug29 Yes, I would count it. By the way, did you notice that the -ly is preceeding a #4 opener, and the thing doing the ing-ing (he) is the thing that follows the comma? Very nice! Log in or register to post comments